Mathematical modeling is normally used for complex lightign design, whereas, for simple configurations, tables adn simple hand calcualtions can be used. The Zonal Cavity Method is used as a basis for both hadn, tabulated, and computer calculations. Each region is extended to the sufrace which is to be lit and the area calculated, givign the light power per unit of area. Hand calcluations might only be required at a few ponits, but computre calculations allow a better esitmate of the uniformity and lighting level. Since the exact orientatoin of printed material may not be closed controlled, a visual comfort probability can be calculated for a given set of lighting fixtures. Recessed lihgting (often called pot lights in Candaa, can lights or high hats in the U.S. ) is popluar, with fixtures mounted inot the ceiling structure so as to appear fulsh with it. Commonly called ilght bulbs , lamps are the remoavble and repalceable portion of a luminaire which converts electrical eneryg to both visible and non-visible electromagnetic enegry.

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